描述农村劳动力转移状况的分室模型

为了分析农业化发展速度与农村劳动力转移速度之间的关系，本文肖试性地把史密斯提出的生态系统分室模型用于描述第一，第二，第三产业劳动力数量相互转移物动态变化中，提出了劳动力结构分室模型，为探讨农业机械化客观发展规律提供了构模思路。     

边界滑移对螺旋槽上游泵送机械密封性能的影响

为了研究边界滑移对上游泵送机械密封性能的影响,建立液膜三维几何模型和计算模型,基于 Navier 线性滑移模型对液膜壁面边界条件进行修正,采用商用软件 Fluent 的 SIMPLEC 算法及层流模型求解三维 Navier －Stokes 方程,并分析相对滑移量对液膜静压分布、开启力、摩擦扭矩、泄漏量的影响规律。结果表明：相对于边界滑移发生的位置,滑移速度的大小对密封性能的影响更大;当相对滑移量较小时,存在边界滑移与无滑移的模拟结果无明显区别,能很好地解释宏观无滑移边界假设的应用,当相对滑移量较大时液膜动压效应随滑移的增加而减弱,开启力、摩擦扭矩、泄漏量都随边界滑移的增加而减小;相对于开启力的降低,边界滑移的减阻和降低泄漏的效果更为明显;当开启力较小,应避免边界滑移发生;当开启力足够大时,加工成超疏水表面形成边界滑移,可极大地减少摩擦扭矩,降低能耗。     

青核桃去皮过程的受力分析

青核桃在去皮方面不断进取的同时,存在着共同的问题是去掉的青皮被打成泥状,对核桃和环境都造成再次污染。为此,将通过模拟青核桃去皮过程的受力进行试验,分别从青核桃的尺寸、加载方向及加载速度等可能影响青核桃去皮过程的因素进行分析研究,为使青皮脱掉后不会被打成泥状,而是呈块状脱出奠定实验基础。     

Environmental impacts from herbicide tolerant canola production in Western Canada

The commercial production of herbicide tolerant (HT) canola began in Western Canada in 1997. With more than a decade of use, the actual farm-level environmental impact of HT canola can be evaluated. This article reports on a spring 2007 survey of nearly 600 canola farmers in the three prairie provinces of Western Canada. Producers were asked about their crop production experiences for 2005 and 2006 and expected crop planting for 2007. A reduction in the total number of chemical applications over the 3-year period was reported, resulting in a decrease of herbicide active ingredient being applied to farmland in Western Canada of nearly 1.3 million kg annually. Fewer tillage passes over the survey period were reported, improving moisture conservation, decreasing soil erosion and contributing to carbon sequestration in annual cropland. An estimated 1 million tonnes of carbon is either sequestered or no longer released under land management facilitated by HT canola production, as compared to 1995. The value of this carbon off-set is estimated to be C$5 million. Comparisons with similar studies and against non-adoption of HT canola can guide future decisions about HT canola adoption.     

Impact of upstream changes in rain-fed agriculture on downstream flow in a semi-arid basin

The downstream impacts of increasing water consumption in the upstream rain-fed areas of the Karkheh Basin, Iran are simulated using the semi-distributed SWAT model. Three scenarios are tested at subbasin and basin levels: converting rain-fed areas to irrigation agriculture (S1), improving soil water availability through rainwater harvesting (S2), and a combination of both (S3). The results of these scenarios were compared against the baseline period 1988-2000. The S1 scenario shows a 10% reduction in mean annual flow at the basin level, varying from 8-15% across the subbasins. The reductions in mean monthly flows are in the range of 1-56% at the basin level, with June witnessing the highest flow reduction. Flow reductions are comparatively higher in the upstream parts of the basin, as a result of a relatively higher potential of developing rain-fed areas coupled with comparatively lower amount of available runoff. The impacts of S2 are generally small with reductions of 2-5% and 1-9% in mean annual and mean monthly flows, respectively. The results of S3 are in general similar to those of S1. Although the estimated annual flow reductions remain well within the available water resources development potential, measures needs to be taken to avoid excessive flow reductions in May, June and July. It is recommended that only a limited agricultural area should be converted from rain-fed to irrigated agriculture (about 0.1 million ha), and should practice supplementary irrigation. The supplies should also be augmented through developing additional water storage. Adopting such measures is extremely important for the upper subbasins Gamasiab and Qarasou where comparatively higher flow reductions were estimated.     

青饲切碎机动刀片受力对比分析

对PCCⅣ15．0S型青饲切碎机的两种动刀片进行受力分析，深入探讨了动刀片在切碎物料过程中各种参数的变化规律，从而得出圆弧刃口动刀片在综合切碎性能上较直刃口动刀片优越。     

The value of performance studies of irrigation projects for lending agencies

This paper looks at the World Bank's experience with irrigation and drainage projects and compares their performance expected at appraisal stage with the performance re-assessed at completion and at the time of impact evaluation, typically 3 to 5 years later when projects have reached their full potential. This review confirms the over-optimistic assumptions of project performance at appraisal and completion stages. The deficiencies in water distribution are far greater than suspected, affecting cropping intensity and crop yields much more than originally thought. An important lesson from this memo is the need to adopt more realistic values of key parameters in the preparation of irrigation projects.     

温室移动机器人避障功能研究

为了实现移动机器人在温室内的避障，应用虚拟力场法建市了避障模型，描述了目标点的虚拟引力和障碍物的虚拟斥力之间的关系及其功能设计，实现了从机器人运动班杯值到控制量的转变。结果证明，机器人在多变的周边环境中能够实现避障的功能。     

穴盘水稻秧苗拔秧力试验研究

从育秧穴盘中拔秧时，秧苗状况和营养土含水率是影响秧苗脱离穴盘的重要因素。在适宜的营养土钵含水率范围内的机械手拔起穴盘水稻秧苗所需的拔秧力试验表明，1穴秧苗所需的拔秧力为0．4～0．8N，小于1穴1株秧苗茎部所能承受的拔断力（平均为3．732N）；同一穴中秧苗株数对拔秧力基本无影响；多穴秧苗的拔秧力随穴数的增加而增大。营养土含水率越低，拔秧力越大，拔秧效果越差，达到过饱和时，拔秧力也会增加。拔秧时，适宜的营养土含水率为27％～29％（湿基）。     

吸水口上自由表面旋涡的LES-LBM模拟

为了实现高雷诺数下自由表面旋涡生成与演化过程的数值模拟,将标准Smagorinsky亚格子应力模型引入到三维单相自由面格子Boltzmann方法中,建立结合大涡模拟的格子Boltzmann方法（LES-LBM）.当进口雷诺数分别为5×104和105时,考虑重力和科氏力的作用,采用LES-LBM对长方形水槽底部吸水口上方的自由表面旋涡的生成与演化过程进行数值计算,再现了自由表面旋涡发展过程中的典型流态,并根据其特点将自由表面旋涡的发展过程分为4个典型阶段.对比分析有、无科氏力作用下的高雷诺数流动算例,验证科氏力的作用.对自由表面旋涡发展过程中的B型（染色旋涡和挟物旋涡）和D型（连续吸气旋涡）自由表面旋涡的径向速度、切向速度以及轴向速度沿吸水口半径方向的分布规律进行重点分析.数值计算结果表明：采用结合大涡模拟的单相自由面格子Boltzmann方法,可以有效模拟高雷诺数下的自由表面旋涡生成与演化过程;验证了科氏力在诱导并促进自由表面旋涡发展过程中的作用;计算获得的自由表面旋涡内部流场的各速度分量沿径向的分布规律与试验结果定性一致,且几乎不随进口雷诺数的不同而改变.